Newton's Laws 2020

Newton’s laws: ( From the book “Revenge of the Sinister Universe” )

     In this blog post we present a synopsis of the ‘universal’ formulation, or expression, 

     of Newton’s laws, as proposed in our book, “On Rotation”.

     [This formulation is good in any reference frame.]

     Newton’s first law:

     If a particle does not experience a change in angular momentum

relative to any arbitrarily chosen point in the universal reference frame,

then the particle is considered to be free 

(i.e. there are no net forces acting on it).

     For a two body system, if there is no change in the angular momentum

of either body comprising the two body system relative to any arbitrary point

(this ‘excludes’ the choice of points lying along the unit vector, r),

then the particles are not interacting.

     Newton’s second law:

     A particle that undergoes a change in angular momentum relative to our arbitrarily chosen
point (i.e. the origin of our coordinate system) is said to experience a net torque, τ;

     τ =  dL/dt  =  rxF                                                                            (a)

where the force, F, is defined by 

     F = dp/dt  =  d(mv)/dt  =  m dv/dt  +  v dm/dt                                    (b)

.

     For two body ‘central force’ motion, the torques experienced by each individual body 

relative to our chosen reference point, are equal and opposite;

     r1xF1  = -r2xF2        ;   |F|  =  |F1-F2|                                                     (c)

                                                              ⇔

     Newton’s third law:

     During a two body interaction, the two bodies will undergo equal and

opposite changes in their respective ‘actions’; i.e. they will have equal,

and ‘opposite’, changes in kinetic energy.

    δ∫dL/dt ωdt  =  0                                                                              (d) 

where           

     τTOTAL  =  τFORCE + τSPIN                                                            (e)

and 

     τSPIN  =  I1 x B2 + I2 x B1                                                                      (f)

     Newton’s universal law of gravitation, expressed in the center of mass of a two body system,
becomes;   

     F/ETOT =  K*(c/R)2 -  K*(v2/R2)  -  K*(l2/R3)                                    (g)

     K  = (μ_0/4π) G/c2                                                                        (h)

where the second term on the right hand side of equation (g) is the Coriolis force; our answer to spacetime disturbances.  [This extra term will describe the rotation of
galaxies without the inclusion of ‘dark matter’; and the perihelion of the planet Mercury.]

[For galaxy rotation, one must include the ‘relativistic’ mass of the individual bodies due to spin.]

Since our new Coriolis force term goes as 1/R2, the classical and quantum mechanical     
conservation of the first three integrals of the motion, E, L, Lz, is still guaranteed.

Electromagnetic Charge

 The electromagnetic charge: ( From “Revenge of the Sinister Universe” )

     Interactions conserve spin, mass, and charge.  In the universal model, we have 

generalized the concepts of electric charge and mass, to include all conserved quantities.

     We define the electromagnetic charge to be

     QEM     =  e hbar/ 2 c  s                                                                            (k)

     and the mass charge to be 

      QMASS  =  m hbar/ 2 c                                                                              (l)

     These quantities must be conserved at every ‘vertex’.

     

     The nature of these new charges are summarized in Table A.

Force	Coupling constant	Conserved current	Rotation basis	Conserved charge
Electricity	e/me	Mass isospin	e,mu,tau	e*hbar/2*c s
Gravity	me/e	Charge isospin	e, e	m*hbar/2*c

TABLE A: Table of coupling constants, conserved currents, and charges: Note: me/e  = m

The LeptonicTable

The leptonic table:  ( From the book “Revenge of the Sinister Universe” )

                       LEPTONS                                                                     ANTI-LEPTONS

electron	electron neutrino	PARITY        ⟺	electron antineutrino	positron
⟸	CHARGE	MASS  ⇅	CHARGE	⟹
muon	muon neutrino	PARITY        ⟺	muon antineutrino	anti-muon
⟸	CHARGE	MASS  ⇅	CHARGE	⟹
tau	tau neutrino	PARITY        ⟺	tau antineutrino	anti-tau
⟺	mass isospin	charge isospin ⇕	mass isospin	⟺

        TABLE B:  The leptons and their interrelations; or the kleptogenesis of the leptoquarks. 

     Any lepton can be ‘generated’ from any other by the appropriate applications of the 

parity operator, the mass isospin operator, and our newly proposed ‘charge isospin’ operator.

    Using various combinations of the step up and step down operators of SU(2) [charge isospin]

and SU(3) [mass isospin], plus the parity operator, we can write any quantum mechanical

interaction current in terms of the ‘fundamental’ neutrino neutral current.   

Energy

What is energy?

As everyone knows, energy is a conserved quantity in modern physics. In our theory it is *the* conserved quantity that determines all interaction. The conservation of linear and angular momentum are important as well, but ultimately are a consequence of the conservation of energy.

In modern physics, mass and energy are said to be equivalent, but this equivalence is still poorly defined and still misunderstood.

The history of the concept of the conservation of energy is long, tortured and complicated; as quantities such as heat were realized to be nothing more than kinetic energy, or, simply matter in motion.  In our theory, all energy is simply mass or matter in motion.

In current theory, energy is still believed to exist in a number of different ways; as potential energy stored in bound systems, as a type of density stored in fields, or as mass itself.  It is said, when particles and anti-particles  collide, "pure energy " is formed or released.

What is the nature of pure energy?  No one knows.  How is it contained except as a virtual photon?  Why does it not immediately dissipate away?  When a massive particle is accelerated, how does the extra energy it acquires accrue to it and how is it stored?  No one knows.

In our theory, all energy is mass or matter in motion.  More specifically, all energy is a species of rotational kinetic energy.

(Rotation and angular variables are inherently invariant and form the foundation of our theory, but that is a subject for another day!)

For today, in this very first post, we will focus on the photon, the fundamental unit of mass.

As everyone knows, a photon can have different energies or frequencies. How is this possible?  What is this frequency? Are there an infinite number of "different" photons?  How does the photon gain and lose mass?  (Yes, photons have mass.)

In our theory, the photon is one quantum of action; the fundamental unit of angular momentum with L = h, where h is the Planck constant. The angular momentum vector is projected sinusoidally along the direction of motion of the photon with a frequency characteristic of its energy.

Energy is mass and matter in motion.

I think this very brief summary is enough for today!

Thanks for reading. Do physics!